Cyber Crime Research Paper Essay

Can anyone who uses a computer be a victim to cybercrime? Yes, anyone who uses a computer has a chance of being a victim of cybercrime. Cybercrime has become a big issue in today’s society. Cybercrime is defined as crimes committed on the internet using a computer as either a tool or a targeted victim(Razali). Cybercrime can be committed by many people like computer geeks looking for bragging rights to businesses trying to gain an upper hand in the marketplace by hacking competitor websites, Rings of criminals wanting to steal your personal information and sell it on black markets, or spies and terrorists looking to rob our nation of vital information or to launch cyber strikes(Computer Intrusions). Cybercrime can be used many ways.The two main cause of cybercrime are identity theft and internet stalking. Cybercrime is very bad and and can hurt many people physically and mentally, people need to be more aware of the ways to get around cybercrime. Identity theft is one of the m ain cause of cybercrime. Identity theft, also know as ID theft is a crime in which a criminal obtains key pieces of personal information, such as social security numbers or driver’s license numbers, to pose as someone else(Razali). There are many kinds of identity theft. There is Criminal identity theft(posing as another person when apprehended for a crime), Financial Identity theft(using anothers identity to obtain credit, goods and services), Identity cloning(using anothers information to assume his or her identity in daily life),Medical identity theft(using anothers identity to obtain medical care or drugs), and Child identity theft(Wikipedia). Many people out in the worlds try to steal peoples wallets, phone, purses and other belongings in plain site or while you are away from your belongings, But what are people trying to steal from you on the internet. Identity thefts on the internet can be stealing many of things. They can be taking bank accounts, credit card numbers, or anything else that is someones personal information. Identity theft is bad and shouldn’t be committed. There are many ways of obtaining this information. People will rummage through rubbish for personal information(dumpster diving), Retrieve personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs,servers,PDAs, mobile phones, USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly. They are many more ways to also do this. Identity theft is bad because it can cause many people harm. The victims of identity theft can suffer from adverse consequences if they are held responsible for the perpetrators actions(Wikipedia). They could be sent to jail, prison or if it is really that bad they could die over identity theft. If you were associated in takeover identity theft, than the imposter just used stolen information to gain access to the persons existing accounts(Razali). If you were associated in true name identity theft then the imposter used personal information to open new accounts( Razali). The imposter might open a new credit card account, phone account, etc. Some may however say that Identity theft is good, and they would be right. Identity theft is good for the government, police and FBI. They could use identity theft to catch a imposter causing a lot of harm. They could use it to take down another country that is doing ours harm. They could even make themselves look like a identity theft to see what other are planning. This could help stop it and save many people lives, money, homes, families and mainly their identities. Cyberstalking in the second biggest cause of internet crime. Cyberstalking is the use of internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, a group, or an organization(Wikipedia). A number of key factors are in cyberstalking: False accusations, Attempts to gather information about victim, monitoring their targets online activities, encouraging others to harass the victim, false victimization, attacks on data and equipment, ordering goods and services, and arranging to meet. It is so easy to accomplish cyberstalking with all of the social media sites today like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, etc. There are many types of cyberstalking. There is Stalking by strangers which means the cyberstalker could be a stranger or someone who has had a former/present relationship with the victim. There is Gender based stalking which is harassment and stalking based on the victims gender.

Language and Logic: Behind the Last Word

There has been a lot of misconception whether the true nature of the language hides behind the context of every letter it has. But since the systematic arrangement of the letters give the essence to what it will mean, the notion of having a naturalistic view wherein we are settled to believe that everything exists as they are is not a god point in defining the social phenomenon that later make it useful. As defined by the writer, those who successfully undergone the challenges that was set by the fast changing environment wherein the substance of the spoken literature and the unheard story of the language emerged as the primary tool of examining the precise condition of certain issue in the society. As we are aware of what is happening around us, it is equally important to visualize the significance of taking some actions in accordance to what we see as fit and right. Moving on from the tradition of generations, the awareness of having these things behind the power of language had settled the misconceptions of breaking the odds that was produced by the conflicting ideas of the members of the community. Because of these, the struggle to fight the increasing prejudice and the social problem arises from the bottom line of the issue. Since then, the power to develop certain criteria and use of the language as a tool of communicating with others had been undermined by some technological advancement which does not promote any metaphysical understanding. It is important that we use the development of our language in developing our relation to the cosmic being. With the use of the language as a powerful tool, we can not only use this as a communicating skill but the ultimate tool in discovering the facts behind the fallacies and the truths behind the fake notion. At any case, those who obtained the pure understanding of how the language works will be able to understand how different language perceived stimuli from sources and attached meaning to it as it try to develop the utmost understanding of the issue. It also provides the venue for rationalization of everything that has been incorporated with such idea in developing behind the context of the situation. Since it has been needed to aspire the success and the continuous growth of a certain language for the achievement of the goals being set by the majority of the society where in effect, the introduction of the new system of communication will lead to a better development of communicational skills. Since what matters most in our daily communication with other people is the meaning attached to every letters and words that came from our mouth, the internal realization of the thoughts that had been made is the primary important point in determining the validity of a statement. Although we do not have an objective basis in pin pointing the deviation of the truth from the lie, but the greater discovery behind that is that, whenever there are sudden outburst of emotion, it is a sudden manifestation of the inner desire where the language capability of the human had been surpassed and the language he or she knows does not offer a venue or even a meaning for the said emotion. In setting this development, we had conquered the primary barrier where people had been fighting for recognition of certain important points but failed to adhere to the basic rule of language sensitivity where all the words that we used has some implications on the social status that we have been gone through. But in the end, the language itself is a complete tool of undermining the meaning imposed by the society itself in conquering the true nature of the real world, where the language has a great effect and no one bothered to listen when you know that there have been more things to be said than to be left unspoken. Provided that all the premises had been satisfied, logically speaking, it can give explanations to many uncertainties in life. By continuously analyzing the causality and the effects of certain situation, logically, we can arrive to a better explanation of the phenomenon that we’ve been going through. Many believed that such idea had falsely equated the truth to the absolute truth and to the ways of finding the truth. The well supported proposition of having a logical manifestation of our daily encounters in life had been sufficiently proven by the facts and the literal explanation he mentioned. He showed that in able to define one’s position in the place where he assumed any position, it will only be put into a realization where the complete arguments and the representation of all the abstract concepts will be materialized. In this sense, all that we can give reasons and prove by any mathematical or logical explanation can be regarded as the truth and branded as the last word. The search for this had tried to invade the human civilization as it occurred in different places across time. But the quick impact and the history left by this notion had made us developed the consciousness of having a more concise and logical views in the society as it shows the true side of the society. Since then, the analysis of the context based on its logical composition will not only yield us in discovering the truth but also finding the way to the truth. For searching the exact definition of the experience he or she encountered, an individual can now freely assess his r her environment as it gives impact to his or her behaviors. In doing so, the subjective part of the human development will help the objective part, which is the logical and other first order knowledge, in discovering the truth behind the life scenic view of every day’s interaction with each other. By looking into the capacity of humans to decode and understand the meaning attached to every symbols he or she is seeing in the society, by extracting the logical element of it and transforming into some useful information that can be used as the front runner of having a established notion for the people to freely assess the developmental change that might occur in the group of people as well. In this case, the logic of dealing and having a more precise view whether it is something that needs the intervention of the cosmic side of the world or stay at least in the radical minds of the people is still important in looking forward into the impact it has in the society and the questions it forged. From the time being of realization and finding the truth behind all the questions and through scientific investigations, we can narrow down our limitations and make us more aware of the external environment that we’ve been going through. In effect, the perspective of the world as a two-dimensional stage will be transformed into an object presented in many dimensions, each dimensions represents a part of it which may be small, but highly essential for it to exist. As we try to rediscover the known knowledge given to us by the generation that came before us, the power of discovering something and merging it as our own is the power that we can have as we go through with the challenges of life. This book by Thomas Nagel had opened many philosophical queries and questions that until now, looks like unfamiliar to most of the people. Many still does not understand the different concepts of looking into the elements of life as Nagel tries to point out. Although we have many cultural background, we are bounded by the universality of the reaction we could made in order to secure the relationship not only with our close group but with the environment we have in our system. Thus, language and logic is the two important tools in dealing with the search for the explanation of the existence and finding the truth hidden behind the context of certain social phenomena. As it is equally important of finding yourselves in the diversified society, this elemental component should be integrated for you to function better.

Plymouth Colony and Borderlands Virginia Company

British crown and that were granted full rights of galvanometers Royal Colonies a colony ruled or administered by officials appointed by and responsible to the reigning sovereign of the parent state. Ought salvation; did not follow traditional religion; sought freedom (right to worship without interference from England or from establish heed churches Plymouth Plantation lays outside the London Company's territory; no legal basis for settling there; William Bradford chosen again and again to be the â€Å"Plymouth plantation† governor; 1621 : persuaded the Council for New England to give them legal permission to live there; ended the communal labor program, distributed land among families, and made â€Å"all all hands very industrious† Mayflower Compact (importance) n agreement to establish a government, entered into by the Pilgrims in the cabin of the Mayflower on November 1 1, 1620. Massachusetts Bay Company designed to take advantage of opportunities in America; transf ormed itself into a colonial government John Winthrop governor of Mass. Bay Company; affluent, university educated gentleman with a deep piety and a forceful character.Puritan Dissent Roger Williams engaging but controversial young minister who lived in Salem, MA; Separatist; Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiance to Church of England; complete separation of church and state Anne Hutchinson intelligent woman from Boston family; women rights in society; antagonized the leaders of the colony by arguing that the members of the MA clergy who were not among the â€Å"elect† that had not undergone a conversion experience, had no right to spiritual office Restoration Colonies Peugeot War & King Phillips War (Metabolic) English settlers allied with the Meghan and Narragansett Indians (rivals of the Bequests); marched against the Possess, almost wiping them out William Penn Dominion of New England

Problem of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem of Evil - Essay Example The question is viewed in the angle that if God has all the power and ability he is said to have, why is he not capable of preventing all the evil that affects the well-being of people. Furthermore, a group of people that tend to question the existence of God asks if he is truly morally perfect; and if he is, why does not he do anything in relation to controlling the bad things that happen. These questions conflict with the firm belief of the orthodox theist. The theist believes there is a perfect God who is in control of everything that happens in this world (Michael 324). The other significant issue employed in the logical problem argument is that it is impossible for some of the statements to be true. One such statement indicates that God is omnipotent. This statement simply means that God is all-powerful (Michael 324). The other statement that cause question is that God is omniscient (Michael 324). This statement means that God is all-knowing. Moreover, another statement that ten ds to raise various questions states that God is perfectly good (Michael 324). The final statement that develops various questions on this issue is that evil exists. Some people in the society support the above statements, but they tend to raise various contradictions in relation to the logical problem argument (Michael 326). ... This is because he would have the power of controlling them. The other contradiction that emerges states that if God is perfectly good, he is supposed to play a crucial role in making sure that people he created do not suffer. This simply means that he would not allow any evil to happen. Moreover, the other contradiction states that, if evil truly exists, there is a high probability to the claim that the abovementioned statements are not true. This means that God is not omnipotent, omniscient, or perfectly good. On the other hand, theists argue that people perform evil because they choose to do so on the basis of the free will inherent in them; and, as God needs people to love him – that is, to do good in his name – on the basis of their free choice, he does not force does them to do good – he does not need robots. So, universe and humans have been created as good by God; afterwards, it was the free will that, having chosen to disobey God, brought evil into man a nd the world. The Evidential Argument The evidential argument supports the fact there is some known evidence of evil that truly indicates that God does not exist (Rowe & Nick 163). However, unlike the logical argument based on the contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God, evidential argument takes a different move. The argument tries to demonstrate there might be no God considering the existence of various forms and kinds of evil (Rowe & Nick 166). Moreover, the evidential argument takes into consideration for how long evil has been happening on the Earth. Various issues related to evil illustrate there are things beyond human control (Murray n.p). This means that human beings perform unacceptable things, and they are

Criminal justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice - Research Paper Example It necessitates the placement of new cultural values that tend to focus on innovation and empowerment. Though much attention had been paid to the task of identifying the requisite changes, very little effort has been put into thinking as to how to lead these transformations. Thus, transformational leadership is of much relevance in the management of existing public safety environments. Transformational/Pseudo-Transformational Leadership It is important to understand the relevance of transformational leadership in the public safety environment, as the much needed changes can only be brought about by leaders who have a clear sense of direction, and a compelling vision as to what the system expects from the much coveted transformation and change (Rickards, 2005, p. 81). Everybody expects the things to change. Yet, there are only a few leaders who have the ability to convince and convey to the public safety personnel as to how do they stand to gain by extending meaningful contributions ( Rickards, 2005, p. 81). It is a fact supported by commonsensical observation that most of the public safety agencies today are overburdened, resource deficient and to some extent de-motivated. In that context a transformational approach to leadership is one that supports novel approaches centered on innovation and change. People employed in public safety settings do hesitate to embrace change because either they feel that it may not be appreciated by their superiors or are simply oblivious of the steps that usher in change. Thus a leader should not only be one who has a vision, but the one who is also able to translate that vision into pragmatic and realistic strategies that could easily be embraced and followed by others. A transformational leader guides by example (Rickards, 2005, p. 82). A transformational leader takes the initiative to embrace change, to bring change. Public safety settings are marked by serious and real life situations and challenges that can simply not be deal t through hollow lip service. Hence, a transformational leader is one who is not only able to establish the right degree of trust in the organizational framework, but also has the infectious humor and optimism that can generate confidence in the times marked by crisis and problems (Rickards, 2005, 82). Central to transformational leadership in any organizational environment is the ability to formulate, organize and communicate a vision. Yet, the fact that is mostly overlooked in this aspect of transformational leadership is that it is also endowed with the potential and opportunities to resort to unethical behavior and misconduct (Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002, p. 78). The problem with the contemporary public safety organizations is not that they lack transformational leadership, but rather the fact that the harbingers of this vision are mostly inflexible and harbor an absolutist approach towards things. The vision of this nature though may be effective in the short run, yet it by i ts very nature lacks consideration and sensitivity for many important things, and is hence less effective at promoting ethical conduct within organizations, thereby negatively impacting the levels of trust (Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002, p. 78). If a transformational leader turns egoistic in one’s aspirations, one may direct the organizational resources and efforts towards goals that may be deemed to be

Job Description Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Description Report - Essay Example They should also know how to record and account for reimbursements and use the billing software and use the indices in all the coding books effectively. Software: They should be competent in using Medical Coding ICD-9 Software. This is a  diagnosis  and  procedure  categorization search tool based on the latest  .NET  Framework Technology.  Adding, modifying or deleting ICD-9-CM codes with the click of a mouse. Chart Review: An inpatient coder must thoroughly review all patient medical charts in an effort to ensure that all information is accurate and reliable. He should do chart review by extracting pertinent data from the patient’s health record, and determine appropriate coding for reports and billing documents. Compliance: All information entered into the database by an inpatient coder must be done so in accordance with the policies and procedures of the medical facility. Should Maintain compliance with both external regulatory and accreditation requirements, and with State and Federal regulations. Staff Interaction: When discrepancies and other anomalies are discovered in files, an inpatient coder must communicate with medical staff members such as nurses and doctors to resolve the issue immediately without delay. Education: In order to gain employment as an inpatient coder, the candidate must possess a high school diploma or its equivalent and have taken coursework in medical terminology, physiology and anatomy. On admission, the coder must identify and code the diagnosis that qualifies the patient to meet the hospice certification of â€Å"life expectancy of 6 months or less†. During the hospice episode, the additional disorders/diseases may be added and should be updated upon recertification. End-stage diagnoses are not usually captured by the ICD-9-CM code( the medical coding software). Secondary diagnoses also are coded because patients other have multiple medical conditions at the end of life. Eligibility

Suggest and discuss some possible solutions to the problem of adult Essay

Suggest and discuss some possible solutions to the problem of adult obesity - Essay Example The problem of obesity can only be curbed by the help of individuals and their concern for their health. In order to decrease the problem I would with my friends aware the obese individuals of their problem. This would make them conscious about their health and thus they would automatically follow the methods to avoid obesity as laid out by the government. Secondly I would give out charts of certain products which have the most calories in them. This would help the individuals to realize which products are healthy and which non healthy. Thirdly I with my friends would promote certain exercises amongst the obese individuals which would make them get rid of their problem. The exercises which I would promote would not be strenuous so the obese people are attracted towards them. Further after doing these exercises the obese people would be able to get rid of their problem

2 questions about the Carlu in toronto Assignment

2 questions about the Carlu in toronto - Assignment Example It is also mostly used for fashion shows events and marketing award. The room is versatile and this ensures it serves its purpose effectively. Besides being a masterpiece of modern art, the room is circular with domed ceiling that have circular mouldings that add to the beauty of the place. At the centre of the room there is a fountain that is lit from below. The murals done on the wall show nice scenes of pastoral life and they add to the beauty of the place. The place is spacious, well arranged and well lit. This makes the venue versatile and suitable for the various events that are held in it. The staffs at the venue are attentive and well organised. They are friendly and they offer quality services. The role of the event manager at Carlu is ensuring the various events such as festivals, conferences, exhibition, fundraising, social events, product launches and promotions are successful. He produces detailed proposals for the events held at the venue. He provides the client with the timelines, legal obligation, budgets and the necessary staffing depending on the event at hand (Carlu, 2014). The manager also liaises with the clients to confirm the precise requirements of the events. Most importantly he schedules the events on a first come first served basis to ensure all clients are treated equally and fairly. The manager has a role to ensure legal, insurance, safety and health obligation are adhered to. The event manager oversees the coordination of venue management, stand designers, caterers and equipment hire. He has to ensure the clients’ demands are met before and after the events. The manager also organises for traffic direction and control, car parking, hospitality and security (Carlu, 2014). He has to ensure that the people who attend the events are safe and also their property is safe. This plays a big role in

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african Essay

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african governments. What trends can we dicern What theories have been offered to explain these development - Essay Example Encouraged by the findings of European explorers Livingstone, Pinto, Burton, and Grant in the early 19th century, hordes of Europeans backed by their armies sailed south of Europe and began the work of colonization. It was to avoid the infighting and conflict that the Berlin Conference was organized. The colonization efforts were ruthless and resulted in the near-total destruction of African culture. Africa at the time was a land of more than a thousand tribal kingdoms, each with its specific culture and forms of government, and as is common with peoples the world over, likewise engaged in their own intergenerational and inter-tribal wars involving territory and natural resources. Ravaged by diseases and harsh living conditions, the populations of these African kingdoms were expanding slowly, limited only by their ability to tame nature. This was the continent which the Europeans invaded with "guns, germs, and steel" (Diamond 4) and set quickly to work in ravishing. Another strong influence of the colonists was their belief that Afric... Thus, aside from ambitious explorers, businessmen, and soldiers, the European nations sent Christian missionaries to teach Africans the European ways that the latter deemed more superior. How the combined efforts of material and spiritual colonization affected African culture explains much of what happened after their colonial masters left by the end of the 20th century. The decision that probably caused the most damage was the territorial boundaries established by the European powers in complete disregard for natural boundaries formed by the language, religion, or ethnicity of the Africans. Almost overnight, tribes were split, dividing families and societies. Until 1914, the Europeans divided Africa into fifty states, putting together warring tribes and dividing friendly tribes. This explains the incidents of ethnic violence that continue to explode in recent times in countries like Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and Somalia. In each of these countries, different warring tribes were forcibly put together, continuing the tribal conflicts whenever people from each tribe assumed political power (Shillington 115; Pakenham 174). It is this tribal conflict that is also a prime cause of so much government corruption, because the tribal links are stronger than the artificial sense of nation that decades of colonization failed to achieve. Aside from the forced union of tribes, colonization had as a major objective that of spreading cultural influence through the language, religion, and customs. This is what the French did, and explains why former French colonies like Algeria have better infrastructure such as a functioning education system, government bureaucracy, and are better assimilated with European culture. It also had better telecommunications and transport

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay Current economic conditions in the U. S an all around the world are rising to alarming situations, with the dilemma being common that whether its inflation or recession, which is hampering the economy badly. The liquidity issues are affecting the U. S economy badly, the money supply is shrinking although the Federal Reserve is pursuing an accommodative monetary policy, but due to its lesser control and the dynamism of the U. S economy, this policy seems to have a very low effect on the liquidity situation in the overall economy. After a rise in the money supply for few months the money supply has been contracting since then, the M2 component of the money supply, which consists of cash, consumer deposits and checking has been shrinking. While M3 which consists of the above, plus the large time deposits and other items is also changing its direction towards a lower end. The figure depicts the trends of the money supply and how it has dipped gradually. Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Source: Shadow Government Statistics, 2009 This condition can result into the weakening of economic activity and pulling out money from stocks. Recently the downfall in the consumer spending and the lowering of the stock prices is the sign of scorched liquidity in the economy (Kellner, 2003). In this current situation of economic dilemma, the current economic conditions demands active measures from the new president and the U. S congress to overcome the hazards created by the weakening economy. Government should try to push more liquidity into the market; the FED should try to increase the money supply through lowering the interest rate, pushing more money into the economy by funding the companies and the corporations that can create more stability in the economy. The government should try to create more jobs into the economy by pushing their spending this will surely create more consumers spending and thus providing a ground to combat recession in the economy. These economic measures are the need of the time and they will certainly have their effects on the economy. Thus, by acting proactively on these strategies the government can easily face all the difficult circumstances. References Kellner, I. (2003, November). Where has all the money gone? Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009, from Market Watch : http://www. marketwatch. com/News/Story/Story. aspx? guid=%7BF1B1B20B-EBDE-435F-8349-A19E26DBB945%7Dsiteid=mktwdist=nwhpm Figures Figure 1: Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth Shadow Government Statistics. (2009). Annual U. S. Money Supply Growth. Retrieved Feburary 10, 2009 from http://www. shadowstats. com/charts_republish#m3

The Importance Of Finding Alternative Materials Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Finding Alternative Materials Environmental Sciences Essay What is Alternative Building? This is usually the type of building that are considered alternative today, have their heredity in structures that humans have been constructing for centuries. The reason why these building techniques are gaining popularity in modern times is twofold. First, the old building techniques are far more eco-friendly than the majority structures we used to seeing; second, these structures are simple enough in nature that they can built cheaply and can be built without the aid of a lot of the heavy and expensive equipment which is normally related with most new construction. Currently words such as green, sustainable and alternative get used often in the construction industry, which make its pretty confusing and difficult to tell if any one particular method or material fall under one or many of these heading. The report will help identify, green alternative building method and materials which are less damaging to the environment than a similar practice used in conventional lumber-framed construction. The need to find alternative practices will encompass any building technique that can be done repeatedly without changing the environment in any noticeable way. The Importance of Finding alternative Materials As the world population continues to grow at an alarming rate, people are realizing that planet cannot sustain such continuous and exponential growth. With land being increasable limited and we are continually diminishing our natural resource such are timber, with majority of it being used to build homes. It is evident that we cannot continue to use our natural material at this rate to build our homes. With the awareness of these natural materials become increasing limited, has made the construction industry rethink their way and start to think more about sustainable construction. Using alternative material for 8building homes is much more environmental sustainable than conventional homes building. Depending on the type and amount of sustainable materials used, these types of alternative material can reduce the carbon footprint which is produce in building homes. According to the Worldwatch Institute, an independent organization that analyzes critical global issues, one-fourth of the worlds wood and one-sixth of its fresh water are used  in building construction. This situation will only become worse as the worlds population and more people continue to migrate toward cities. The greater demands also will add pressure on increasingly scarce essential resources, especially water. The Environment The environment has now become issues and with it being heightened news, the Governments and individuals have seem to take notice and now taking to make a change because we cannot continuing abusing the environment, this is not an option anymore. The chart below shows the proportion of CO2 emissions in the UK from buildings in use, the construction process (mainly due to the CO2 from the manufacture of building materials) and from all other sectors including industry, transport, agriculture etc. Buildings in use contribute about half of our CO2 emissions (and consume about half of our energy use). Figure 1 CO2 emissions The next chart shows where these emissions come from and with over half of our energy use and CO2 emissions from building use come from heating our buildings. Figure two Energy Waste. Government Action The UK government have stated that England must take action now, in order to make vast improvement to energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings. The government have set many ambitious goals, an example of one: they anticipate dramatic energy reductions to achieve its goal that all new homes in England will be carbon-neutral by 2016. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2007) There are three main approaches to energy neutrality: Cut buildings energy demand by, for example, using equipment that is more energy efficient Produce energy locally from renewable and otherwise wasted energy resources Share energy create buildings that can generate surplus energy and feed it into an intelligent grid infrastructure. Efficiency gains in buildings are likely to provide the greatest energy reductions and in many cases will be the most economic option. A study by McKinsey estimated that demand reduction measures with no net cost could almost halve expected growth in global electricity demand. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report estimates that by 2020 CO2 emissions from building energy used can be reduced by 29% at no net cost World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2007) and a cost curve for greenhouse gas reduction, McKinsey Quarterly 2007 Number 1. Fox and Murrell (1989) state the fundamental ecology principle of renewable material, such as wood is sustainable source and are renewable however, for materials like metal, plastic, gravel and sand, stone-based materials such as cement, concrete and plaster, have been used cannot be used again, their consumption if the earth itself. (Berge, 1992) The extraction of certain raw material can be very destructive effects especially to the water table and wildlife habitats. Over usage of these materials can affect the availabilities of in the near future, cause environmental degradation, and contribute to global warming. Impact of the Construction The industry has a major impact on the environment, it affect are not only on the resources it consumes but also the waste it produces. The construction industry is accountable for producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. In Great Britain, over 90% of non-energy minerals is extracted and are used to supply the construction industry with materials. Furthermore, every year more than 70 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste has been produced in England and Wales The key is alternative basic materials because they have historically driven innovation in every industry, and could spur significant advances in todays housing. In order to gain acceptance, however, basic alternative materials must offer more benefits than the traditional materials or methods they replace. They must reduce costs, increase design flexibility, enhance sustainability, perform multiple functions, have superior performance characteristics, or meet a market niche. Another potential driver for adopting alternative basic materials is a shortage of existing natural materials or concerns about their long-term sustainability. Martà ­n(2005) states that in recent years, there has been a shortages of core natural resources; including lumber, steel, and gypsum, and this has driven construction costs higher. This volatility of supply and price motivates the industry to look for more sustainable solutions. Sustainability and resource shortages, in fact, will help to drive innovati ons in the future. The objective of alternative basic materials is to develop new materials that spur innovation by serving multiple functions, increasing cost-effectiveness and efficiency, and using more sustainable materials. In many cases, these technologies form building systems that enable other Concept Home principles such as integrated functions, floor plan flexibility, and improved production processes. Alternative basic materials consist of core technologies that manufacturers can use to create products or systems and composite systems that builders can purchase and use to build homes. Martà ­n(2005) Before considering the use of alternative materials, and before implementing into homes, practical issues must be considered, (Berge, 1992) say to be realistic to imagine a technology that functions in line holistic ideas, none-mainstream approach but also providing humanity with an acceptable material standard of living, basically Berge is trying to say there just be a balance between the Eco approach and what consumer want. Government Schemes and Regulation After The Stern Review (2006) advised that the implications of climate change couldnt be avoided any longer and urgent action was required, by that the comment the government took notice and started implementing changes to building regulations. In 2007, the Government introduced the  Code for Sustainable Homes  to help improve the standard of energy efficiency and sustainability of the housing sector, by setting target for all new houses to achieve a carbon rate of zero by 2016. This is a level 6 in the Code for Sustainable. Currently, the standards of the code are not mandatory for private house builders but there are intentions to incorporate them into the  Building Regulations over the next couple years, by implementing the changes to Part L which started in 2010. CAN I ADD MORE Constructing environmental friendly house To construct an environmental friendly houses are to focus on reducing the environmental impact of both its  construction  and its ongoing  operation. This is achievable at the design phase by selecting the correct material and the process. Environmental friendly houses and sustainable construction present an exciting opportunity for building houses. With the prospect of living in an environmentally efficient house that can generate its own power, also by reducing waste and running costs would be the first positive step for a sustainable future. Our activities have had a negative effect on the plant and the the Office for Climate Change 2010, attributing have stated that 27% of the UKs total carbon emissions to household heating and electricity, house construction is an area where we can make a huge difference. Ecological impact During the development and construction stages of house being built, a ecological assessment should be carried out that reduces its impact and if it would be possible to construct green or living roofs for new habitats to live.

Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and the English Novel :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Defoe, Richardson, Fielding and the English Novel      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The roots of the novel extend as far back as the beginning of communication and language because the novel is a compilation of various elements that have evolved over the centuries.   The birth of the English novel, however, can be centered on the work of three writers of the 18th century: Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) and Henry Fielding (1707-1754).   Various critics have deemed both Defoe and Richardson the father of the English novel, and Fielding is never discussed without comparison to Richardson.   The choice of these three authors is not arbitrary; it is based on central elements of the novel that these authors contributed which brought the novel itself into place.   Of course, Defoe, Richardson and Fielding added onto styles of the past and writing styles of the period, including moralistic instruction and picaresque stories.   Using writing of the time and the literary tradition of the past, Defoe first crafted the English novel while Richardson and Fielding completed its inception.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Critics disagree on a strict definition of the novel; D.H. Lawrence has remarked, "You can put anything you like in a novel" (Stevenson 2), and Wagenknecht in his Cavalcade of the English Novel has claimed the "...'novel' has never been satisfactorily defined" (xvii).   Henry James had a unique perception of the novel:    "A novel is a living thing, all one and continuous, like any other organism, and in proportion as it lives will it be found, I think, that in each of the parts there is something of the other parts."  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Kettle 12)    "Novel" comes from the Italian "novelle," which was used for sensational news stories.   One collection, Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron, was popularized in the 14th century (Phelps 11).   The term carried over into English to form the basis of the English novels.      Ã‚  Ã‚   There are certain components that a novel should contain.   George Phelps has come up with a six-part basis for identifying novels: the writing must be fictitious, or in other words "not pretend to tell the truth," have a certain length, attain a unity of "plot, theme, tone, atmosphere, or vision," create an illusion of reality, be concerned with character, and be prose (Phelps 7-8).   Kettle, in his An Introduction to the English Novel, argues a novel must have two elements -- a quality of life and a significant pattern (13).

Windows 2000 :: essays research papers

Have you ever wondered where Microsoft will go next with Windows, well now it is time for you to find out. Microsoft has almost completed Windows 2000, which will be the new era for software around the world. In the last year computers have grow dramatically, with the new Pentium II chip and processors with the speeds up to 450MHZ. Almost every family home in America today has at least one personal computer. Whether it is for business or pleasure, more and more people are realizing the significance of computers. I am going to unleash the information that will show you how Windows 2000 will work. Windows 2000 is an operating system that configures your hardware for you. With its structure based upon Windows 98 and NT, they have also introduced revolutionary interface enhancements. New Advancement Topics ? Plug and Play Power management for the latest desktop and notebook models. ? Web integration That has one interface for browsing local files, Intranets, and the Internet. ? One-step management A customizable console that lets you control computers, peripherals, users, security settings, from any desktop. ? Directory services Which can handle all the tasks of managing users, groups, shared peripherals, and security, it also allows you to do all this over worldwide networks. ? Serious security A new security system that will use smart cards and other physical keys to let you access the computer. Plug and Play The new Plug and Play will allow you to handle all your hardware chores from one central location without restarting your computer. And at the location you will also be able to inspect driver device settings, update drivers, or troubleshoot resource conflicts. I am sure that this will be extremely helpful to many people out in the computer world including myself. With this feature it will make looking for a program or installing one a breeze. Web integration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet has become one of the biggest things used in homes and companies. It allows people at home to go shopping, check the weather, buy stocks, and work without ever leaving the desk. Companies are using it to publicize and inform people about them and their products. They also use it internally to connect different floors together via e-mail. With new Internet settings you will be able to choose your Web-style views thus letting you control what comes up on the screen without you saying, 'what the hell is that.'; One-step management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With current Window versions, there's no way to find a file-using Explorer.

We Must Fight Internet Hate Propaganda :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

We Must Fight Internet Hate Propaganda      Ã‚   This essay approaches the subject of the hostility to traditional American values presented by the internet. At a very deep level the world of the internet can sometimes seem indifferent and even hostile to morality. This is partly because internet culture is so deeply imbued with a typically postmodern sense that the only absolute truth is that there are no absolute truths or that, if there were, they would be inaccessible to human reason and therefore irrelevant(1).    Among the specific problems presented by the internet is the presence of hate sites devoted to defaming and attacking religious and ethnic groups. Some of these target churches. Like pornography and violence in the media, internet hate sites are reflections of the dark side of human nature. And while respect for free expression may require tolerating even voices of hatred up to a point, industry self-regulation-and, where required, intervention by public authority-should establish and enforce reasonable limits to what can be publicly said.    Church-related groups should be creatively present on the internet; and well-motivated, well-informed individuals and unofficial groups acting on their own initiative are entitled to be there as well. But it is confusing, to say the least, not to distinguish eccentric doctrinal interpretations, idiosyncratic devotional practices, and ideological advocacy bearing a specific church label, from the authentic positions of that Church.    There needs to be "the development of an anthropology and a theology of communication"(2) with specific reference to the internet. Christians, as concerned members of the larger Internet audience who also have legitimate particular interests of their own, wish to be part of the process that guides the future development of this new medium. It goes without saying that this will sometimes require them to adjust their own thinking and practice.    It is important, too, that all people use the Internet creatively to meet their responsibilities and help fulfill their mission in life. Hanging back timidly from fear of technology or for some other reason is not acceptable, in view of the very many positive possibilities of the Internet. Methods of facilitating communication and dialogue among people can strengthen the bonds of unity between them. Immediate access to information makes it possible to deepen dialogue with the contemporary world.    People in leadership positions in all sectors of society need to understand the internet, apply this understanding in formulating plans for social communications together with concrete policies and programs in this area, and make appropriate use of this media.

Law Enforcement Essay

The two strengths of community policing that I thought was important are being able to build are try to build a better rapport with the community and citizen better than what you already have. The second strength is to try to build a rapport with the kids in the community and keep them out of trouble, getting into gangs, and using are selling drugs. So I think when community policing are being done throughout the community that gives the police officer to become community educators, planners and organizers, which in the end it allows the police officers to appreciate their citizens as well as to learn how to work together with them, not to mention It will allow the citizens to trust them more than they do. The two limitations of community policing that I have chosen are lack of educational opportunities and lack of parental involvement. The reason why is because some of our parents have came to a point where they really don’t care what they child do, were they go, are who they hang with. Parents these days don’t follow up on their child/children were about as long as that child is out of the house that’s all that matter but thanks to the school system they have a system that calls home whenever the child/children are absent. The Police can’t do this along the need parents help to also keep the crimes of our children down and to lead them into the right direction so parents let’s get involve with our kids and not just our kids all kids they need some kind of guidance. Explain how political, economic, and demographic characteristics of a community impact community policing. Well in my community we have PAL, neighborhood watch, and citizen on patrols. PALs are a group of police officer that are mostly talkative and athletic that gather up our youth and engage them into different activities that they like to keep them off the streets during the day and they are very active with our kids they even take them places on the weekend. They have different sport activities that they play so they can stay active threw the week most of their games are on Saturdays, they even take the kids to different places like the movies, skating, bowling, etc. I really think it’s a awesome program for the youths. The only thing to this program is the child that are considered a problem child has to want to change and for the ones that’s not their dedicated to the program because they don’t want to change they want to stay that respectful child they alw ays been. Our Neighborhood watch programs usually are the police that are just getting on the force besides the neighbors. The ride there bikes threw the neighborhood to make sure no one is out of the ordinary they be in cars also they usually stop and talk to kids that they see and give the younger one stickers. Citizens on patrol are older people that live in the neighborhood and volunteer to work with the police department to ride through neighborhoods in a patrol car to make sure nothing unusual is in the neighborhood. I really think all of the programs are great for community policing and the more help from the parents and community they have the less crimes we would have and the citizen will respect the police more.

Critical Thinking and Its Beneficial Use Essay

There are nuggets of wisdom about life that tell of applicable truths about it. We can surely find an array of them: â€Å"live like there’s no tomorrow†, â€Å"do good and avoid evil†, â€Å"do not do unto others what you do not want others do unto you†, among others. But there is one adage about life that most people – if not all people – will personally come across as they grow old in life. It goes by the phrase, â€Å"life is the best teacher in the world. † Even modern schools of thought accede to this; for one cannot simply dismiss the truth that lies in the fact that â€Å"experience†¦is a major resource in learning situations† (Brookfield, 1986, p. 38). True enough, there are experiences in life that teach vital lessons. They can figure in the learning one draws from school, or the decisions one takes on oneself, or even mistakes one commits in the process. But learning from the past does not necessarily have to translate to committing so many indecisions and mistakes in life. While learning generally stems from the lessons one draws from the past, one does not always have to commit mistakes to know which decision works or not. There can be a lot of things at stake and far many more things to lose were one to put on an attitude of laxity in facing life. Surely, life may allow certain latitude for mistakes; but the general thumb-rule about it runs by the premise that one engages first in thoughtful consideration of possibilities and consequences before making a major decision. As it were, this is where critical thinking comes in. Critical Thinking: Its Nature and Aspects Critical thinking is basically an exercise involving correct reasoning. At the very least, critical thinking is done to arrive at a correct judgment over matters that may or may not lead to a certain kind of decision. Thomson would define critical thinking as an exercise that is â€Å"centrally concerned with giving reasons for one’s beliefs and actions, analyzing and evaluating one’s own and other people’s reasoning, devising and constructing better reasoning† (Thomson, 2002, p. 2. Fundamentally, critical thinking is a process and not a possession of an immediate or intuitive knowledge. One does not usually engage in critical thinking if he or she is not willing to undergo its meticulous process – a process which may involve the following activities: recognition of the problem, gathering of facts, analyzing gathered data, evaluation of other possibilities, and, last but not least, drawing logical conclusions (Thomson, 2002, p. 2). According to Thomson, there are at least three major aspects involved in critical thinking. First, to think critically means analyze the kind of reasoning one submits. In this process, one is enjoined to â€Å"pick out those features of language which tell us that reasoning is taking place† (Thomson, 2002, p. 5). It must be remembered that reasoning is done on a daily basis. Which is why, one needs to discern the nature of reasoning one encounters – whether it is descriptive, analytic, or in many cases, argumentative. The second aspect is the assessment or evaluation of the correctness of the reasoning. Assessment is quite important in the critical thinking process since it entails reviewing all the facts being presented as bases for arguments. â€Å"Assessment,† says one book on learning, is â€Å"a process of reasoning from evidence† (Pellegrino, et. al. , 2001, p. 42). Too often, one’s reasoning becomes correct or not based on the way one assumes judgments over facts. It is therefore important to get into what the facts tell. After all, facts don’t lie; and for one to use them as vital for critical thinking, facts are must observed well, interpreted reasonably and understood correctly (Pellegrino, et. al, 2001, p. 44). The third aspect is about drawing conclusions – logical conclusions that is. Usually, any kind of reasoning will have both premises and conclusions. One’s task is to see the coherence of the premises (gathered from facts or observations) with the conclusions (usually comes as judgments or decisions being made over something) being forwarded. Critical thinking has to end up making a kind of judgment after all things are considered. But at the end of this process, one must always remember that the repercussions of one’s judgment shall measure the amount of critical thinking one has engaged in before making decision. The fruit, they often say, does not fall far from the tree. By Way of Conclusion: Exercising Critical Thinking in Life The profession that I have requires a lot of critical thinking as well. Being assigned as a security manager for a defense contracting company, I am tasked to oversee the performance of at least five to seven persons under my care. I realized that handling people is not like sitting on some paper works or transcripts. To manage people means to give an ear to many of their reports and assessments. Since as persons, they are entitled to act on their particular judgments, it is my task to be critical about what they tell me. Too often, I see myself evaluating if a person has to be fired from his or her post after committing serious errors in the field. Yet there are instances too when I would find sufficient reasons to give an erring employee another chance depending on circumstances that defined the moment. Either way, I am required to be very careful about the situation, and exercise critical thinking for that matter. My experiences made me realize that critical thinking has two important benefits. First, it reduces the possibility of errors. Since my job involves a lot of decision making not only about the nature of jobs that need to be done, but also the way my people should do them, I have to avoid as many mistakes as possible. A mistake of firing an employee for instance may have serious repercussions not only for the company for also for the family of the employee I fire. Critical thinking – and all the processes that it entails: recognition, assessment or evaluation of facts, and drawing logical conclusions – helps me a lot in minimizing the possibility of committing a very bad decision. Second, I came to appreciate critical thinking as a good way to make my decisions logical and objective. Many times, I am faced with decisions over people. As much as I want to be very objective about them, I am also faced with the fact that I can operate based on my personal biases about people. Critical thinking enables me to dwell on the facts, and base my decisions not so much on the basis of personalities, but on account of results or issues. Works Cited Brookfield, S. (1986). Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning. California: Jossey-Bass. Pellegrino, J, Chudowsky, N. & Glaser, R. (2001). Knowing What Students Know. Washington, DC: National Academy. Thomson, A. (2002). Critical Reasoning. A Practical Introduction. New York: 2002.

Sammys development through the story

â€Å"A&P†, written by John Updike is considered as an initiation story. It focuses on Sammy, a clerk and his experience with the three girls and Lengel. The main character, at first is dependent on his family and their connections to survive. He was employed by his father and mother’s friend, Lengel and it is hinted that his grandmother had a considerable influence on him and that they were still seeing each other. Also, he was still living with his parents since his mother was the one who ironed his shirt for that day. With this dependence on his family, unfortunately, comes a price: he must do his best not to upset nor disappoint his parents. Like most young boys, Sammy was curious, observant and almost always wonders. With the arrival of the girls, Sammy at first adopts the usual response of a young, immature teenager and that was to admire the girls based on their appearance. Usually one not to commit mistakes, he was scolded by an elderly lady for his lapse. Instead of taking responsibility for his mistake, he comforts himself by saying that the old woman was a witch who had nothing better to do. In the first parts of the story, he was still childish and hormonally driven, especially when he was with his friend Stokesie as they â€Å"checked out† the girls. For him to take such a keen interest and distract him from his responsibility emphasizes the temptation that the girls—or more specifically, the â€Å"Queen†Ã¢â‚¬â€posed on him. The situation was then exacerbated since they started to walk around with nothing but their bathing suits and distract everyone around them, and unwittingly seduce people with their gestures. The dream was broken when Lengel entered and started to admonish them in front of everyone. The girls going around the aisles can be interpreted as a dream for Sammy; three attractive young girls walking slowly around in the air conditioned room under the lights in their bathing suits with no beaches nearby. It was unreal and fantastic; it was a dream for every hormone active teenager. Even the fact that they ended up in his lane and the way that the â€Å"Queen† took out her payment was like a â€Å"dream come true†. The movement of the girls and the way that every aspect of them was emphasized seemed sublime. The pace of the story itself seems to be dreamlike in nature, all seen in Sammy’s eyes. Lengel’s entrance from the outside breaks the dream; his entrance can be interpreted as reality coming back. In reality, a boy like Sammy has to answer to an authoritative figure represented by Lengel. His manager symbolized responsibility and the end of childhood fantasies. Updike narrates that Lengel is the straitlaced type of man, one who teaches Sunday school. He starts to admonish the girls and embarrassed them in front of every body. Sammy watches the girls state their reasons for coming in yet Lengel still admonishes them. In Sammy’s eyes, Lengel was being unreasonable and preferred to have things only two ways: his way or one is a delinquent for not following. At that point, the main character realizes that the situation is more complicated than the girls not following policy. What Lengel did in Sammy’s eyes was a show of power; using his position as manager to not only admonish the girls but to also embarrasses them. Even if the girl was only fulfilling an errand for her mother, he still didn’t listen. It was obvious that the â€Å"Queen† went out of her way to buy the jar of herring snacks since the beach was miles and miles away. Also, the â€Å"Queen† seemed to be of a higher social class than Sammy; he sees this and realizes the difference between the both of them. Before they left, the main character made a show of quitting, an indirect way of telling the girls that he was making a stand and that he thinks that they were untreated fairly. Unfortunately, in contrast to his ideal fantasies of them seeing him as their hero, they left him to fend for himself. A mark of his maturity was shown in the way that he refused to back down despite being alone in his opinion since he has developed the sense that one must go through with one’s actions and take responsibility for them. He then mustered up the courage to question the authority for their actions. Lengel then explained to Sammy his own view of what transpired, ushering another realization for the main character. The realization is that not everything is black and white and that people tend to have differing opinions and their own point of view, never realizing the harm that they cause others. Also, in contrast to what is usually taught, in practice, people will choose their own interests and will care little for the welfare of others. Like in the case of Lengel, the manager thought that they were the ones being embarrassed by the girls and not the other way around. It was then clear that Lengel pulled this exhibition of power since everyone else was watching and that he felt that the integrity of the store was being threatened. In Lengel’s eyes, the girls were putting on an indecent show for everyone and even distracted his most trusty clerk. Yet Sammy still retained some of his dependence and thirst for approval since he briefly thought of his grandmother and how proud she would be of him if she could see him now. Lengel then started to remind Sammy of his responsibility to his parents, a sacred oath that he was not allowed to break. In his transition of maturity, he went through with his decision knowing the consequences and outright told Lengel that he knew what he was doing and that the manager was the one who didn’t know what he himself was doing. At that point, Sammy developed a different opinion based on what he saw and what his point of view was, signaling to the audience that he was exhibiting the same behavior as the adults. He then starts to shed the clothes that symbolized his dependence: the bow tie and the apron. Yet with his actions, Sammy still exuded that idealistic and childlike quality that enabled him to care whether the girls were still there or that he can make a clean exit since it was summer and he didn’t have to fumble around for his winter apparel. Throughout the course of the story, he has addressed the shoppers as â€Å"sheep†, letting themselves herded into one point or the other. His description takes life when the shoppers stood and did nothing to defend the young ladies from Lengel’s verbal assault, unlike Sammy who stood up for what he believed in. As Sammy went out of the store, Lengel is seen taking care of the â€Å"sheep† in his place, the people who were still willing to follow authority despite of its misgivings. The last transition then occurred at that point: Sammy realized that fighting for what you believed in would be hard and most often times would leave you lonely and that since he has divorced himself from his dependence on his parents, he would have to make it out on the world on his own. This transition is symbolized by Sammy standing in the hot summer sun with no one but the mother who is frustrated at her children while the others are inside in the comfort of the air conditioned A&P. Seeing Lengel with such a harsh expression also made Sammy realize that the world has not been friendly to the old man either, and that he had to be strong and be the way he is just to survive. He had to forego other people’s feelings and put his interests first. From being a childish, hormonally driven pampered boy, Sammy matured into a responsible man who is not willing to back down from what he believes in once he sees injustice being committed. Like a young man, he went through with his decisions and refused to be intimidated by threats or emotional blackmail. Yet like a young boy, he still holds his idealism and somehow had a feeling that the world was a lot more complicated that he thought and that not every â€Å"right† thing was rewarded. Standing up for what was right will prove to be difficult in a world of Lengels who all thought that they were the ones who were right. If he were to refuse to see injustice and stand up and oppose authority for what he believed in every single time, then like his experience at A&P, he will have no choice but to leave. Either that or he would have to be harsh like Lengel was. It is also interesting to note that while Sammy was narrating the story, his parents thought that it was sad; yet Sammy himself thought nothing of as if he accepted what transpired.

Clancy of the Overflow

Bush poetry gives people a unique and interesting prospective into the people who made this country the way it is today and the history behind it. Clancy of the Overflow is a well known bush poem by poet AB â€Å"Banjo† Paterson. Clancy of the overflow is about a person from the city who met a drover/ shearer named Clancy. After meeting him he becomes jealous of Clancy’s lifestyle which is better than his city life. In this poem Banjo uses a variety of poetic devices to get his message across like the use of suggestive language, descriptive language and imagery.Banjo uses suggestive language to make the reader realise that country life is much better than city life where it is crowded and dirty. This becomes evident where the speaker says â€Å"As the stock are slowly stringing, Clancy rides behind them singing, for the drover's life has pleasures that the townsfolk never know. † And also â€Å"the foetid air and gritty of the dusty, dirty city through the open window floating, spreads its foulness over all. † These quotes suggest that Banjo is trying to convey that city life isn’t as good as country life where you can be free instead of being stuck in an office all day being sweaty and sticky.Banjo tries to convey that being in the country is a better quality of life. â€Å"In the murmur of the breezes and the river on its bars, and he sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended†. This suggests that Banjo is tying to convince the readers that the ideal Australian person has bushman like qualities eg friendliness, adventurous and laid back opposed to the people living in the city who are condescending, unfriendly and arrogant. Banjo also uses descriptive language he uses this to silence all the negative aspects of the country life and any positive aspect of the city life.He uses the words â€Å"sunlit plains†, â€Å"wondrous glory† and â€Å"vision splendid† to describe the country lifest yle and the words â€Å"dingy little office†, â€Å"foetid air† and â€Å"dirty city† to describe the city lifestyle and a place you just don’t want to be. Banjo does this to persuade the reader in believing that the country lifestyle which is portrayed as free, clean and laid back is better than the city lifestyle which is portrayed as dirty, hot and boring.Banjo also makes the reader believe that the attractiveness of living off the land and idealizing the country life as a drover making the quality of life in the country seems greater than in the city. Banjo uses imagery and the first person point of view to help the reader imagine what it would be like to be a drover. The person living in the city imagines what Clancy the drover is doing and feeling while he is stuck in a hot office all day. â€Å"As the stock are slowly stringing, Clancy rides behind them singing† and also â€Å"He sees the vision splendid of the sunlit plains extended and at night the wondrous glory of the everlasting stars. The city living character is conveying what Clancy the drover is doing and how peaceful it would be if he could do the same. He also says â€Å"And I somehow fancy that I'd like to change with Clancy. † This suggests that the city living character is somewhat jealous of Clancy, his job and his lifestyle. The city living character furthermore explains the city life as â€Å"Of the tramways and the buses making hurry down the street, and the language uninviting of the gutter children fighting†.This suggests that the he doesn’t like his life in the city and considers it as busy and also noisy. Banjo in this poem tries to convey that the typical Australian should be adventurous, pioneering, free and friendly which are qualities of a bushman. He portrays the beauty and peacefulness of living in the country as opposed to the hectic and dingy life of the city. Banjo reveals that the city dweller is envious of the drov er. Clancy personifies the vision which Banjo has on what the average Australian should be.

Human Mate Choice-science of sex appeal being biologically imperative Research Paper

Human Mate Choice-science of sex appeal being biologically imperative - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is important that proper sex appeal and science of human reproduction be clearly understood for people to understand deeply the human mate choice (Messer, 2010). Generally, human mate choice is a behavioral aspect of human beings. In relation to human behavioral ecology, it involves the evolution of human behaviour in regards the choices that people made before and the choices they make today. Indeed, due to the evolution of human behaviour over the years, it is practically impossible for people to make the same choices today as they used to make several years ago. This is basically as a result of generational changes whose influence in people’s behaviour dictate that human beings behave differently in different environments. In other words, the strategies that human beings adopt in a certain environment (for example 50 years ago) may not be the same strategies they adopt in contemporary social environment. This paper will discuss the behaviour of human beings in choosing their mates as well as the science sex appeal from an anthology point of view. According to human reproduction system and human anatomy studies, men and women are significantly different on the sex appeal choice they always make. Generally, men are always promiscuous while on the other hand women are at times selective on the choice of sex partner they choose. Again, before women make the best choice, they look for some qualities from men whereas men only go for physical looks of a woman. The major characteristic of human beings that make people different from other animals is the ability to speak and use their mind selectively. In addition, human beings’ physical appearance also makes them unique and more different on the way they do things. This differences and uniqueness of human beings make people value and even be different on matters dealing with sex from the rest of other creatures. To be more clear, it is true that biological imperatives control and direct h uman beings sexual behavior (Messer, 2010). According to studies, it has been found that sex appeal is scientifically and theoretically proven biologically imperative. This is because evolution in most cases is what is controlling human beings’ sexual desires. According to evolution, human beings are the only creatures that are able to walk upright after evolving from similar walking styles with other primates. Again, after evolution, human beings and in particular females changed their external body parts appearance including the location of the vagina, which later made it very difficult to be accessed by males (Kalbe et al, 2009). In most cases, it is always found that, due to sex differences, women tend to have likeness and preferences for partners who are higher or greater than they are in terms of status, education, and even wealth. In contrast to this, men always look for girls, who are virgin, healthy, and physically attractive (Elias, Menon, Wetzel, & Williams 2010). Evolutionary theory clearly indicates that human beings mate choices have evolved and mostly focus on the exploitation of resources, social well-being , physical appearance, and capital investment of the opposite sex partner. In most cases, similarities and differences in the choice and preferences of a partner mostly depend on the form of reproductive potential and investment of

Should Red Bull keep on investing in the Formula 1 Championship for Essay

Should Red Bull keep on investing in the Formula 1 Championship for next year - Essay Example The increasing trend of marketing through sponsorships of events is visible to everyone. Around 15 years ago less than 25 percent of events had some sort of corporate support and involvement but today this percentage has increased to 80 percent (McDowell, 1999). These events are an easy way through which an organization can communicate their messages to the customers. Red Bull is a soft drink company that is using sponsorships as a way to market its soft drink. Red Bull sponsors Formula 1 racing events all over the world. They also have many sports teams that take part in sporting events. Red Bull Racing is a Formula 1 racing team that is owned by Red Bull. The company also owns another racing team in Formula 1 known as Scuderia Toro Rosso (Formula 1.com, 2008). The company also sponsors other extreme sport like snowboarding and wakeboarding. The marketing technique of Red Bull is well known and it is known to work for the company. Associating the brand with extreme sports also commu nicates a brand image of the product to the consumers. This is one great advantage of sponsorships of events. Sponsorships of events actually communicate with consumers in a better way than conventional marketing (Meenaghan, 1991). Therefore the efficacy of marketing through sponsorships of events is well established.... It is vital to find the efficacy of this marketing technique in times of financial crisis. This is the main problem that we will attempt to solve. The topic of this research proposal is that whether Red Bull should continue to invest in Formula 1 championships or not in the next year that is 2012. This investment includes the sponsorships of the event and the racing teams of the company. This research proposal will identify the process in which the answer to the above question will be obtained. Aims and objective of the research alongside with a comprehensive literature review on the subject of marketing through sponsorship will be presented. Research methodology will also be discussed in the proposal. Aims and Objective Research Topic The Marketing of Red Bull through sponsorships of sports events like Formula 1 Business Question Should Red Bull continue to invest in Formula 1 championship in the next year? Aim The aim is to help Red Bull make a decision about its marketing techniqu es in the wake of the financial crisis the world is facing today. Objectives 1) To understand what marketing through sponsorships of event it and its importance 2) To seek the economic worth of sponsorship marketing 3) To evaluate the benefit of sponsorships for Red Bull 4) To gain insight on the effect of Formula 1 Championship on brand awareness of Red Bull by collecting responses from customers Literature Review Marketing through Sponsorships Different marketing techniques have been developed over the years and all of them aim at better communication with the target audience. Sponsorship is a way through which a product can be marketed to the customers. Research has suggested that sponsorships do help a product achieve competitive advantage over

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management (DAVIS Case study) - Essay Example On the other hand Berendsen is involved in laundry, textile rental and maintenance etc in almost twelve countries in the continent (Davis-a, n.d.). This paper conducts a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the group. The paper also includes porter’s five forces analysis and BCG matrix in the context of Davis group. SWOT analysis is one of the major tools which is used to identify and analyze an organization’s internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities and threats which are likely to come up in near future or already has came up. It is useful strategic planning tool for the purpose of strategic decision making at different level in an organization. SWOT analysis tool was actually founded in 1960 by Robert Stewart, Albert Humphrey and their coworkers at the Stanford Research Institute. Strength: Strengths of Davis group is actually the strengths of two of its strategic business units namely Sunlight and Berendsen. Both Berendsen and Sunlight are the market leaders in their respective operating region and this is the major strength of the Davis group. Both Sunlight and Berendsen cover almost entire Europe. As a result market coverage of Davis group is huge. Further more both the units have strong network as there are large number of processing sites. Employee strength is also a major strength of Davis group. In Sunlight there are almost 9000 employees and in Berendsen there are 7000 employees (Sunlight, n.d.).The group needs to utilize this employee strength to achieve higher economies of scale. Weaknesses: Since both Sunlight and Berendsen are two companies working under the Davis group, it would be difficult to make Berendsen operate in UK and Ireland. Similarly the group would face problem to expand Sunlight in regions outside UK and Ireland. Since both the companies are involved in various textile maintenance service they might come to compete among themselves. This is a major weakness for

Explain the difficulty in accounting for service trade versus tangible Essay

Explain the difficulty in accounting for service trade versus tangible goods in the Balance of Payments (BOP) framework - Essay Example Therefore, such transactions may not be reported, recorded, or even traced. As opposed to physical goods, the valuation of services is considered to be a difficult task as there may not be a single basis for measuring them and different companies within a single country may be using different approaches to recording of financial data. It is also impossible to deliver the same service or standard of service to customers which may create an argument that services may not recorded on a standardized manner (Arnold, 2011). It is also understood that the valuation of financial services including derivatives can have varying effects on balance of payments of different countries as they are based on different bases of measurement. Furthermore, there may be lacking of benchmarks which can be used for recording and measuring of services. Therefore, it is impossible to include all items of services in the current

Comparative Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative Literature - Essay Example Europeans regard cannibalism as a wrongful activity but the writings indicate that cannibals cannot be regarded as savage and brutal people. They kill and eat human beings not for their appetite but for their glory and virtue. Moreover, the killing is not done as massive as is done in civilized societies. According to the writers, the civilized societies can be categorized as more savage and barbarous as compared to cannibalistic societies because humankind is dealt much more brutally and cruelly in civilized societies. The information collected about the cannibals is not a mythic story or some tale but judged events. The cannibals lead a well structured life according to their own setup. They are away from technology and innovation but they are near to nature. The cannibals are governed by natural laws. They also have their own religions and priests who preach them about love and hatred. They show love towards their families. They do not fight for physical belongings but for their valour and glory. They kill their enemies and keep their heads with themselves. They take prisoners, kill them and eat them afterwards by roasting. Europeans show sympathetic attitude towards cannibals on the basis of their own social values. They consider that cannibalistic societies are better than European societies because they do not show greed for physical belongings. This paper contains a detailed account of European attitudes regarding cannibalism in the light of two writers, Jean de Lery and Michel de Montaigne. Cannibalism can be defined as an activity in which, human beings are involved in eating other human beings (Lestringant 1997). Some humans consider other humans as their food in place of taking other types of foods available. The word cannibalism is also employed when one species is involved in eating its own kind. Cannibalism takes place when the enemies or other people are considered less than human and they are regarded as an

Moral Conflict in Antigone by Sophocles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Moral Conflict in Antigone by Sophocles - Essay Example On the other hand, her civil disobedience has widespread repercussions on the integrity of the ruler and the stability of the state. This paper analyzes and discusses the varied moral conflicts in this play. Several conflicts can be found in Antigone, particularly the conflict between authority and family duties, natural law and positive law, conscience and civic ethics, and duties to man and duties to the gods. The play explores the conflict between authority and family duties. Creon already decrees that Polyneices will not have a proper burial as a traitor to Thebes. He says: Him I decree that none should dare entomb, That none should utter wail or loud lament, But leave his corpse unburied, by the dogs And vultures mangled, foul to look upon. (Sophocles lines 233-236). Antigone, however, is willing to contradict her King and decides to bury Polyneices, because she is bound to her family duties. She asserts this to Ismene, who dissuades her from disobeying Creon: â€Å"At least he is my brother-and yours, too,/....I will not prove false to him† (Sophocles 51-52). Ismene reminds Antigone that she should obey the King's authority: â€Å"We twain shall perish, if, against the law,/We brave our sovereign’s edict and his power† (Sophocles 67-68). ... He tells him: â€Å"Yea, to learn much, and know the time to yield,/Brings no disgrace... (Sophocles 806-807). He asks his father to yield to other people's reason. For him, the law is not absolute if it will hurt personal ties. Creon, however, will not listen to a woman or his own counsel and family. He says: â€Å"Shall we at our age stoop to learn from him† (Sophocles 823). He undermines the youth of his son. For him, Haemon does not have the experience, and consequently, the wisdom, to rule over him. Creon also says: â€Å"...While I live, at least,/A woman shall not rule† (Sophocles 592-593). He will, most especially, not change his law for a woman, which depicts misogyny during his time. Thus, for Creon, his law is supreme over all family ties. Antigone also illustrates the conflict between positive and natural law. Positive law refers to the law of the state, while natural law pertains to the â€Å"unwritten law† (Burns 546). Aristotle argues that Antigon e depicts the conflict between positive and natural law, or between human nature and the â€Å"polis† (Burns 546). Creon emphasizes his will as the will of the state to Haemon: â€Å"The state, I pray,/It is not reckoned his who governs it?† (Sophocles 841-842). Antigone questions the validity of Creon's positive law: â€Å"Who traced these laws for all the sons of men;/Nor did I deem thy edicts strong enough,/Coming from mortal man, to set at naught† (Sophocles 495-497). She argues that the unwritten or natural laws are more important than positive laws. Natural laws have the strength of permanence, while positive laws change with the changing of rulers. Furthermore, natural law refers to what the people feel as right, or something is universal.

A comparative analysis between Franklins Caf and Caffe Nero Assignment

A comparative analysis between Franklins Caf and Caffe Nero - Assignment Example The analysis is done mainly with respect to the two important topics relevant in the organizations. The topics discussed are done mainly on the basis of the case study that helps to answer question like which one of the two organizations would one prefer to be a customer and an employee. This essay paper not only states which organization one would want to be an employee and a customer, but also states the reasons behind the decision one makes. In order to make a decision it is very important to study the topics relevant to the organizations like the organizational communication, cultures prevalent, power and control, design and structure, politics and resistance, conflict etc. The topics here are discussed according to the various organizational and management theories. Organization analysis and behavior is a very important topic of study in the context of management. Organizational analysis is a process which is used to study the performance and the efficiency of an organization by studying the systems and the functionality that is existent in the organization. Organizational analysis leads to the understanding of the organizational behavior which involves the study of the organizational design and culture that is prevalent in the organization. ... The cafe has a very strong employee base and has around 3000 employees in the firm. The main intention and philosophy behind the establishment of the cafe is to provide a cozy and warm atmosphere towards its customers. The firm considers its linchpin of the brand as its coffee and also states that its highly committed employees are another great strength. One of the main reasons behind the committed employees is that they make the best choice of employees from world over. Similarly, the management of the Caffe takes an interest in the recreational activities of their employees. The Caffe is conscious about the health of its customers and provides the nutritional chart which allows the customer to weight the coffee options available to them. The cafe is also environment conscious which is understood through its efforts to recycle wastes in the cafe. Franklin’s Cafe: Franklin’s Cafe was started in 2006 by Fiona and Henry Owen as a small coffee shop but very soon it was se gregated into two business groups with one on the Franklin street and the other on the College street. Fiona and Henry along with the management and leadership skills of their son Ed initiated new, less expensive steps to manage both the cafes. At the present, they serve not only the customers with coffee but under the Franklin brand they also sell to their customers tasty foods like Ciabattas, salt beef, soups, cakes, ice creams etc. Their main tagline is the food, which have the authentic Franklin taste and are affordable by most of the customers. Another main strength of the Franklin’ brand is that they provide both drinks as well as snacks under the single name of Franklin. There are separate staffs, who take care about the food that needs to be supplied and in

Analysis of Work Placement Vacancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Work Placement Vacancy - Essay Example In product development, an employer would be exposed to the global trends embraced by the organization in regards to product production. Skills required for the placement are based on the ability to develop communication and technological techniques (Ford Motor Company, 2014). The IT placement requires one to bear the ability to develop IT tools and solutions to enhance business productivity (Ford Motor Company, 2014). In the marketing placement, one is required to possess consumer appreciation skills as well as the ability to develop fresh and trendy marketing ideas. In the quality placement, a person is required to have ideas on how to connect quality to product production and manufacturing. From my academic experience, I was able to acquire the skills required for the placement. I have exceptional skills in teamwork, total quality assurance, marketing and IT. However, the requirements by ford are more demanding that my prior experience in school. The skills I lack will be provided by the employer in the training experience. Moreover, I will develop skills as required by the employer to increase my work placement effectiveness. In addition, I would enhance the skills I lack by consulting with other employees in the

Technology and Social Skills Essay Example for Free

Technology and Social Skills Essay Not long ago people took the time to get to know a person whom he or she had just met. In years past, for a person to claim he or she had a relationship they would invest time in building that relationship. Years ago when people spent time together they paid attention to those they were with, they socialized and interacted with other human beings in a real life environment. The technology today has provided many ways to interact with others via cell phones; computers and PDA’s, just to name a few. With all this technology, it seems as though the true social interaction between people has started to disappear. This technology allows people to interact more but has it made us less sociable? The interaction is taking place in separate rooms, states and even countries, but not together. Is this true interaction? Social interaction is vital to our physical and mental health and it has been proven that maintaining healthy relationships help us to live longer. It is becoming more common for people to socialize via simulated means, internet, texting, and chat rooms to name a few, and ultimately replacing a part of human behavior that is vital for society to function. A second grade teacher of 20 years is shocked when her students do not know what to do when the time comes for recess. AIM, a feature from AOL, encourages the butchering of the English language with abbreviations such as LOL, (lots of laughs), and IDK, (I don’t know). The incentive for going out to make friends has disappeared because of the idea of hundreds of friends on Facebook and MySpace (Knapp, 2008). The dating world has also been completely turned upside-down. Just a couple decades ago chivalrous romance was the way to go about finding a date. Today one would send a friend request on facebook and the prospective date would look at the online profile to see if he or she would be interested. I must admit that I have fallen victim to these new ways of dating and technology but not to the end of chivalry and romance. In due time these ancient ways will be gone as well. Cell phone texting and social networking Web sites such as Facebook help keep today’s teens connected to their peers at all times. A recent national survey of 800 teens and nine focus groups in four United States cities revealed that half of the teens surveyed send 50 or more text messages a day, or 1,500 texts a month. One in three sends more than 100 texts a day, or more than 3,000 texts a month (Gore, 2011). The book â€Å"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community,† by Robert D. Putnam states that over the past 30 years, nationally, community involvement has declined. In his book Putnam debates that the baby boomers and their children have contributed to this decline. Reasons blamed for this decline has been the growing availability of the Internet and electronic entertainment and gadgets such as IPods, portable computers, and smart phones (Putnam, 2000). Dr. Philip Aspden and Dr. James E. Katz conducted a study that covered several aspects of the internet; the influence on societal infrastructures, and the role the internet had in creating new modes of interaction and communication. Aspden and Katz were unable to find any support to prove that internet activity contributed to any decline in community involvement. In fact, some of the internet users that were interviewed stated they were more involved in social activities than the non-users surveyed. Also found was that 70 percent of internet users had four or more online friendships with 60 percent of this group having met at least one internet friend in person (Blair, 2001). A three year study by sociologist Barry Wellman and Keith Hampton of a social interaction in â€Å"Netville,† a community in Toronto Canada that was one of the first neighborhoods in the world to have broadband internet technology. According to Hampton and Wellman (1999) â€Å"Relationships are rarely maintained through computer-mediated communication alone, but are sustained through a combination of on-and off-line interactions. Despite the ability of the Internet to serve as a global communication technology, much online activity is between people, who live (or work) near each other, In Netville, the local network brought neighbors together to socialize, helped them to arrange in-person gatherings-both as couples and as larger groups (barbecues, etc. facilitated the provision of aid, and enabled the easy exchange of information. The high rate of online activity led to increased local awareness, and high rates of in-person activity. † People today can live in Florida, work in Texas, go to school in Arizona and never leave their house. They can buy a car in their pajamas, attend a meeting halfway around the world and do all their shopping on the Internet. Basically one can do just about anything necessary over the Internet and never see or touch a human being. At times this will be an ideal situation but society is becoming isolated and self absorbed even lonely. Indeed, the fact that people in the United States today claim to be lonelier than prior generations, suggests that although technology has increased interactions it has not created true connections between people. For children raised on the illusion of connection through technology, the danger is that of never understanding how to develop true relationships and to grow up not understanding that without social connections societies easily fall victim to self-interest and fade away. Reference http://www.strosechronicle.com/2.13878/new-technology-replaces-social-interaction-1

Activities of Living Model Case Study

Activities of Living Model Case Study Assessment -> diagnosis -> plan -> intervention -> evaluation Section 1: Brief introduction to the person: (max 200 words) Anna is a 42 year old lady who has Rett syndrome and severe learning disability. Anna was born after a normal pregnancy. Anna has one brother and a sister who does not have learning disability or any specific health problems. Anna has been in the care for the last 11 years. Anna lived with her parents until 2001. Her mother used to be her primary carer. Currently Anna lives in a 4 bedroom bungalow with two other ladies, who also have learning disabilities. Part of social life she goes to the day service three days a week. She seems to enjoy up there. Anna enjoys listening to the radio while she is resting in her room. She can give an good eye contact when talk to her. To avoid a breach of confidentiality service user will be referred to as â€Å"Anna†, a pseudonym (NMC, 2008) Due to Anna’s severe learning disability and extremely limited communication skills she is unable to understand, retain or communicate an informed decision regarding consent to the contents of this assessment. In accordance with Mental Capacity Act (2005), following discussion with support staff, family and relevant health and social care professionals, this care plan is deemed to be in Anna’s best interests given the potential risks to her health and well-being. Section 2: 1000 WORDS Assessment based on Roper, Logan Tierney’s Activities of Living Model (1980). Some headings can be very brief if there are no specific issues for the person in that area of their life. Please also consider the age of the person and their level of independence / dependence for each area. Activities of Living The activities of living listed in the Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing are: 1. Maintaining Safe Environment Anna is dependent on staff to keep her safe. She exhibits bodily movements which interfere with normal safe eating and drinking. On occasions these erratic movements are so extreme as to put her at increased risk of physical injury. She can cause small wounds to her face, limbs and torso due to her repetitive stereotypical hand and arm movements. During the period of her erratic and uncontrolled movements put her at risk of aspiration and chocking. The uncontrolled movement can also cause lose some of her medication which is very essential for her physical wellbeing. When she settle after a seizure she is more likely to sleepy. During this time excessive production of saliva can affect her breathing / blocking the airway. Both Anna and staff are at risk of injury due to her flailing arms and legs. Also it is not safe to do the manual handling. When she displaying extreme body movements it not safe to transport her which can affect her attendance at day services. Anna’s dysphasia can increase the risk of aspiration and may can cause chest infection. Communicating Anna has no formalised system of communication through which to make her need/wishes known and is totally reliant on others to anticipate her needs. Even though she has very good eye contact. She has no active say regarding any aspect of her life. She is open to speech and Language Therapy services but this mainly for dysphasia. Communication and sensory integration assessment have been done in the past with very limited success (2011-12) Breathing Anna has abnormal breathing patterns which is common in Rett syndrome. Anna will show signs of shortness of breath which is causing her distress and/ or pain. Shortness of breath can lead to cyanosis. This most likely to occur after a prolonged seizure or when she has chest infection. If her oxygen saturation levels are reading below the usual baseline ie 93% or less Her range is 94-97%) oxygen is administrated as per prescribed. Eating and Drinking Anna has no functional use of her hand and she is fully depending on others to assist with her eating and drinking. She does eat and drink well, it seems she enjoy her meal. She has been assessed by the Speech and Language Therapy to be at the risk of aspiration. Anna has liquidised food and thickened drink. Anna has dysphasia which can contribute to an increased risk of coughing , chocking, aspiration and recurring respiratory tract infections Elimination Anna is unable to take herself to the toilet and has no formalised system of communication to alert others of her need to go to the toilet. Anna is incontinent of both urine and faeces with an associated potential for skin breakdown. Anna is prone to constipation. Personal Cleansing and Dressing Anna is unable to do her personal hygiene independently due to her complex health needs. Due to her erratic movements she cannot be bathed conventionally. She has had recent urinary tract infection, which may have been the result of faecal contamination of the vaginal area. At present Anna has the bed bath everyday with Aqueous cream (soap substitute) to help with her dry skin. Diprobase moisturiser is available as PRN for dry skin to prevent the risk of skin breakdown. Anna is unable to independently manage her oral hygiene needs and requires full support in this aspect of her care in order to maintain healthy teeth gums. Anna’s oral hygiene is maintained daily. Her positioning during and after oral hygiene procedures are important in order to minimise the risk of aspiration including silent aspiration. Controlling Body Temperature Anna’s normal temperature range for observations is 36-37.5*C. Anna can experience difficulty in maintaining an even body temperature and it is prone to becoming suddenly cold or hot. She prefers moderations in temperature. Staff need to be able to recognise when Anna is becoming too hot. Staff recognise breathing difficulties and cyanosis during prolonged seizures and use the prescribed oxygen via a face mask if necessary. Mobilising Anna is non-ambulant. She is unable to stand or support her own weight but she can hold head up when alert. She requires a back rest and bilateral support to be able to maintain an upright seated position. She has a full range of movement in all her limbs. Anna’s preferred positioning of her legs is to hold her knees tightly in flexion. Anna has apraxia and is unable to perform controlled motor movements. Working and Playing Anna attends day services for three full days a week. Attendance at day service is depending on her health and safety in transporting (i.e. when displaying extreme body movements it is not safe to transport her). Expressing Sexuality Anna’s physical / sexual body development is normal. Anna does not appear to show any interest of a sexual nature with the same or opposite sex. Sleeping Anna has several opportunities to rest in her day chair or in her bed. However, she is likely to drop off to sleep. She can take longer time go to sleep at night and normally has several interruptions in sleep throughout the night. Dying As Anna is stable at the movement her parents are not mentally ready to talk about her end of life. It will be done in the future when required. Section 3: A nursing diagnosis is â€Å"a clinical judgement about an individual’s health needs which provided a basis for selecting nursing interventions, to achieve health gains or maintain health† (NANDA, 1992). For this section you are asked to consider what may be causing or contributing to the health care need what signs and symptoms led you to this diagnosis. Possible aetiology (cause): Anna is a 41 year old lady who has Rett syndrome and severe epilepsy. Anna is totally dependent on others for all aspects of her care and has complex health needs that fluctuate and greatly impact on her day to day activities. These health issues are likely to affect the quality of her life. The most possible cause of Anna’s self injury caused of her extreme erratic body movement can be because of severe epilepsy. She suffers tonic-clonic seizures. Occasionally, post-seizure. She will present with peripheral cyanosis and this most noticeable around her lips, earlobes, and mouth and figure tips. Defining characteristics (signs symptoms): Epilepsy Anna displays an unusually high tolerance to external pain. When Anna sustains a trauma type injury (bruising / abrasions / shear injuries) there is no discernible visible reaction. Staff working with Anna require the ability to make visual assessments of her injuries and have understanding of the implications if the visual symptoms of injuries. There is a risk that the severity of physical injuries may under assessed resulting in treatment mismanagement. It is believed that Anna does react to internal type pain such as menstrual pain, constipation or stomach pain. Anna experiences seizures of varying length and intensity. She used to experience on average 10-15 seizures each month but this had increased to daily seizures. Seizures can occur at any time during the day and night, but there is evidence to suggest that she prone to epileptic activity when asleep. Therefore, she has an alarm monitor which is under trial, whereby noises which accompany seizures activated a pager which the nurse can carry. She remains under the out-patient care of her consultant Neurologist (seen every 6-8 months). Video analysis is available to help diagnose exact seizure presentation and appropriate medical intervention. The use of rescue medication has also increased. She requires rectally administered diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus. Suction may be required to control oral excretions and administration of oxygen via face mask may be necessary in the event of cyanosis. Buccal Midazzolam has been trialled in the past and although effective in halting the seizure activity, Anna went into status within hours (2006) or her clinical signs dipped significantly (2012). This was found to not be the case with Rectal Diazepam. Anna’s behaviour can be changed after a seizure activity. She will have very uncontrolled body movements mainly with hands and legs. The medication she have to control her seizure can make her depressed. Anna is on medication that required serum blood testing to ensure safe therapeutic levels and prevention of toxicity. This is believed to have occurred as recently as 2011 when Levetiracetam was believed to have caused her dangerous agitation (dose was 1500mg BD at that time). The following factors are known to reduce Anna’s seizure threshold: Menstruation Overheating Over-excitement When she is not well Constipation Anna has regular menstrual cycle. She can experiencedysmenorrhoea. She will have a loose bowl motions during her menstrual cycle. Anna also exhibits other events that may be mistaken for seizure activity: Hyperekpexia Eye – rolling Rett syndrome characteristics (jerks, tics) Section 4: People with complex health care needs often have a number of other non-nursing professionals working to help restore or maintain their health. Please discuss the contribution another profession has made to the assessment and their therapeutic interventions with the individual. Due to Anna’s difficulty in eating and drinking ( mainly during her extreme erratic body movements) she was referred to the speech and Language Theraphist ( SALT ). Anna has been assessed by Speech and Language Therapy to reduce the risk of aspiration / silent aspiration when eating and drinking. According to the SALT Anna has been diagnosed with dysphasia (SALT report, 2011). She is at risk of aspiration of food and fluids, as these do not always clear from her oropharyngeal cavity during meals. The SALT visited Anna at home and gathered all the information about her eating and drinking difficulties from the staff. Assessment has consisted of observation of mealtimes, discussed with staff and monitor at meal times by staff. Speech Language therapist made referral for videofluoroscopy assessment in 2012. After the videofluoroscopy SALT advised to give mouthful of drink in-between her meal. Coughing charts were implemented for both eating and drinking between initial assessment and review. The charts indicated that Anna was coughing when eating and drinking. The recommendations made by Speech and Language Therapy was to avoid mixed textures i.e. soup and stews with bits or high risk of lumpy food. And replace these with a soft alternative, or liquidised soups. It can help her to prevent the risk of aspiration pneumonia. When Anna has liquidised food it is very important to make sure there are no lumps. For example, mashed potato is very likely to have lumps which may cause chocking. Speech and Language therapy also recommended Anna must have a drink with any meal, and mouthfuls of drink must be given during the meal. It is helping her to clear her airway and to enjoy the meal. Anna should not to be fed when she is sleepy or drowsy as fatigue can result in an increased risk of aspiration. If Anna showing extreme bodily movement when the meal or drink is to take place, the second carer is to place themselves at the side of her, and using their forearm, palm facing downwards. Use a blocking technique to lower Anna’s arms down to her lap and gently rest their palm and dingers together on her further chest long bone. While feeding Anna it is very essential the staff to sit on a chair and make sure she is able to give an eye contact. Anna must be seated in her day chair when having meal. Staff need to ensure that Anna is in an upright position. After the assessment done by SALT has also noted the aspiration can also because of the remaining food / drink in her mouth. To rid of that SALT recommended giving her an oral care after food fluid intake. By using a very soft toothbrush to clean the mouth can minimise risk or aspiration due to food fluid residue. And also it is important to maintain upright position for at least 30 minutes after having mouth care to reduce t he possibility of reflux. The recommendations from SALT is likely to help Anna to enjoy her meal. Her dysphasia techniques are continuing as it is recommended this will help to maintain the swallowing difficulty. Staff can contact the SALT if there is any new difficulty in eating and drinking and SALT will do the follow up / regular visits. Nancy Jimmi